Player businesses
Our business owner system... grants players a meaningful existence in the world and rewards them for their persistence, dedication and survivability.[2] – Steven Sharif
Player stalls, personal shops, and auction houses enable buying from and selling to other players.[3]
- Player merchants will not be able to be placed on ships.[4]
Player stalls | Personal shops | Auction houses | |
---|---|---|---|
Cost |
| ||
Location |
|
|
|
Player presence | N/A | ||
Storage |
| ||
Advertising |
|
|
|
PvP |
|
N/A |
Player stalls

One of the key components of a functional economy is the ability to trade and not having that predicated just on chat. So, player stalls we prioritized to make it in by the 20th. These will be in a functional state to begin with. There will be an NPC within the market area that you will be able to list your goods at and other players will be able to interact with that NPC take a look at the different player shops that are listed and make purchases at those locations. So, this is something I think is very necessary. It's not quite an auction house and the reason it's not an auction house is because you basically have a little bit of a storefront: You go through this list of other players' stores and you can click into that store and you can see a number of different items that they have and you can make transactional purchases on a buy order basis for what they've listed.[20] – Steven Sharif
Player stalls (also called Kiosks and rental stalls) are rentable locations near the unique building in an Economic node[10], in Marketplaces (the constructible building available for placement by mayors of any Town (stage 4) node or higher), or as business buildings on freehold plots.[22][23][11]
- All nodes do have the ability to spawn player stalls. If you're not an economic node and you don't have a market- that's essentially your unique building- then you can construct essentially what is I guess would be called a... marketplace; and that marketplace will then come with certain services and it will come with a certain number of stalls. The economic node as I recall has the ability to construct an auction house and the auction house serves through the economic means the ability to list and sell items and that comes with additional stalls as well for the players.[11] – Steven Sharif
- Players list items for sale at a NPC within the node's market area. Other players can interact with this NPC browse and purchase from player stalls in that node.[24][20][14][5] Player stalls do not require the attendance of the character or for that character to be online.[6]
- Intended to be part of the stall system where your shop can be set up for purchase by quantity, by amount, and value; but also to sell stacks and individual purchases as well.[24] – Steven Sharif
- Player stalls are rentable by node citizens.[6]
- The number of player stalls available are dependent on service building upgrades chosen within the node.[22]
- Player stalls may be utilized for a period of time based on the price paid to rent the stall.[5]
- Player stalls may still operate during node siege declaration. This is subject to testing.[25]
- Player stalls are scheduled for release in Alpha-2 phase-2.[20][21]
- Renting a player stall enables players to provide repair and enchanting services, even when they are not online.[5]
- Players are not able to be attacked or robbed while occupying their player stall inside the limits of a node.[8]
- Bulletin boards that list the items available in player stalls can be accessed from anywhere in the region.[16]
- These give the location of the stall so players can travel there and purchase the items.[16]
- Stall sales are also listed in auction houses.[3]
- This may no longer be accurate.[7]
Personal shops
Certificates to place Personal shops (player-owned shops) may be purchased by citizens and non-citizens from Markets in Economic nodes or Marketplaces in non-economic nodes.[22][7][8][9]
- A player shop is where you have a certificate to essentially create a shop with your character and a little billboard will pop up above you as you sit down for that shop and advertise a custom message that you want say that has to sell things and/or services that are on your person. So players can then come up to you and they can interact with you. So you reside yourself to that shop.[13] – Steven Sharif
- When a character creates a personal shop, a billboard pops up above them with a custom advertisement message for items or services available on that character's person. Purchasers can interact directly with the character to purchase these items or services (as if they were a Vendor NPC).[22][13]
- Once you have a certificate, you can then place your player shop within the vicinity of a node's market- any nodes market. So, basically what that means is you will take that certificate and your character will sit down in place and they will spawn a UI billboard above them where you get to make a brief advertisement of what your shop is, and any player can come up to you and they can interact with your character and see your shop that you have listed goods for and make purchases as if you were a vendor from your shop. So, that's the difference between player stalls and the player shop system.[22] – Steven Sharif
- These certificates allow the placement of a personal shop near the market unique building in Economic nodes, or marketplace constructed service building in non-economic nodes.[22][7][8][9]
- Certificates purchased from Metropolis (stage 6) economic nodes allow personal shops to be placed anywhere in the world, including Freeholds and near POIs, such as Dungeons.[22][7][9]
- The benefit that economic node's markets have over non-economic node markets is that their player shop certificates, when sold from a metropolis economic note, I believe, can be placed anywhere in the world independent of market proximity. So, you could be at a dungeon and set up your player shop there and it's like, "Hey you want to buy some health pots? Grab your health pots." And you could set up there.[22] – Steven Sharif
Auction house

If a Node is the Vassal Node of an Economic Node, an Auctioneer NPC appears in that Vassal Node. The Auctioneer allows players to list non-resource/processed materials in the Parent Node’s Auction House, but players cannot bid on items from this Auctioneer. These resources and processed materials must be stored within an Economic Node in order to be listed in that Node’s Auction House. In order to bid, they must still travel to the Auction House in the Parent Node.[12]
Auction houses are node buildings in Economic nodes.[22][10]
- Auction houses allow items and resources to be listed for sale at a specific node location.[28] – Steven Sharif
- A listing fee will be charged to list items in the auction house.[10]
- Vassal nodes of the auction house node will be able to view items that are listed on that auction house, regardless of node type of the vassal node.[10]
- On a regular cadence, a number of a node's freehold parcels become available to be bid for at auction.[30]
- Integrated auction houses allow players to purchase items directly from remote auction houses.[7]
- Purchases of materials and gatherables will be automatically deposited within the listing node's local warehouse. Players will need to travel to that warehouse to retrieve them. Players wishing to move these items elsewhere will need to utilize the caravan system or other type of transportation.[15][10]
- Purchases of anything other than materials and gatherables will be mailed to the purchaser.[15]
- There may be a taxation difference between auction houses versus other player businesses.[10]
- Items listed in auction houses are also visible in community boards (bulletin boards).[7]
- Data relating to auction houses, such as price history, volumes, average prices, may be available to players via a mayor-constructed service building in their node.[31]
- That's probably how it's going to be surfaced... Your your mayor is going to have to build it for you.[31] – Jeffrey Bard
Auction house locations
Auction houses accompany unique node buildings in Economic nodes.[12]
- Markets in Village level economic nodes have auction houses that allow raw resources and crafting materials to be posted.[12]
- Exchanges in Town nodes have expanded auction houses that allow all goods/items to be posted.[12]
- Economic nodes that have reached the metropolis stage unlock the linked economy superpower.[12]
- Up to two economic metropolises may be linked in this manner.[33]
- Metropolis level economic nodes enable worldwide sale prices for auction houses across Verra.[12]
- Items listed in one linked economic node can be bid on from any other linked economic node.[12]
- Linked economies also connect an economic metropolis and its vassal economic nodes.[7][12]
Freehold businesses

If you want to offer sales and services to players visiting your Freehold, consider making room for business buildings. Setting up a potion vendor near a popular hunting area of the game may make your Freehold a destination for adventuring players. There are numerous services your Freehold can offer to other players, such as item shops, consumables within taverns, and resting inns. These services can work without the owner being present.[35]
Business buildings are freehold or node buildings that provide items and services to players.[36][37][38][34][39]
- Business buildings can provide services without the owner being present.[35]
- Freehold owners are able to set permissions that grant access to the business buildings' services.[34]
- Currently freeholds have a combined maximum total of six artisan and business buildings that can be placed in addition to a homestead.[40]
- Artisan and business buildings require permits and may incur upkeep costs.[35]
- Maintaining businesses requires licensing and payments to the node your Freehold is associated with. This permitting system allows for a certain number of buildings to be constructed on a Freehold. Permits can be obtained from the same node the Freehold was certified from, and buildings that require permits will have an additional upkeep cost.[35]
List of business buildings
Building | Icon | Type | Profession |
---|---|---|---|
Caravansary | ![]() |
Business | |
Food halls | |||
Hunting Lodge | ![]() |
Business | |
Inn | ![]() |
Business | |
Marketplace | ![]() |
Business | |
Player stalls | |||
Warehouse | ![]() |
Business |
Real estate
Players buy the deeds for housing from the node itself, or may buy and sell properties from other players.[41][42][43][44][45]
- The developers are considering an auction-based method for listing new properties that become available for purchase when a node advances.[46] Currently freeholds may be acquired via auction.[35][47][48][49][34][50]
- Housing will have a base price that scales with the number of citizens in the node.[51]
- There is no cap on the price of player-originated housing sales.[52]
- In-node housing will be at a premium, and is expected to be hotly contested.[45]
- The more apartments that have been purchased in a node, the higher the price scales.[53]
- Player housing that is destroyed during a node siege can no longer be sold.[54]
- Freehold plots may be purchased from and sold to other players,[41][55] or can be obtained via deeds issued by a Village (stage 3) or higher node.[35][47][48][49][34][50][56][57]
- We're establishing a real estate market that players can invest in and then sell within the in-game economy, but also they are a resource that's subject to removal through the sieging system as well, so there's a bit of risk implied there but the idea is that this is something for players to strive for.[55] – Steven Sharif
- Housing ownership can default back to the node if the owner fails to pay their property taxes. A balance and penalties will be charged to the new purchaser of the home in the manner of a "foreclosure process".[51]
- Players will not be able to exceed their allotment of housing in the game.[61]
- Rental and leasing concepts are under consideration.[61]
Player to player trading
There is player-to-player trading in Ashes of Creation.[62][63][64][65][66]
- Q: Will Ashes of Creation have player-to-player trading? Will there be anything stopping me from gifting a friend that's fresh to the game a bunch of in-game money to help them get on their feet quickly?
- A: There won't be anything to stop you from doing that.[65] – Steven Sharif
- Player to player trading, interacting with vendors or NPCs, and the ability to access storage is disabled for corrupted players.[67][68][69]
- The nature of player to player trading already introduces that in an open economy game... that is why we have measures to attempt and heat flag suspicious transactions, active gms and other honeypot systems/agents that will be active in discovering those types of cheaters.[64] – Steven Sharif
Escrow system
- An escrow system is planned to prevent griefing in the crafting system.[74]
- We're going to have a UI... you're gonna put the resources in or they're gonna put the resources in. It'll be like an escrow system and then once [the job] is complete you'll get the item they'll get the money.[74]
Artisan classes
Gathering professions | Processing professions | Crafting professions |
---|---|---|
Artisan classes (also referred to as Artisan branches) allow a player to specialize in one or more of the three artisan skill trees: Gathering, Processing, and Crafting.[75]
- We want players to interact with each other. We want the professions to make stuff for the other professions that are useful. I am influenced quite a bit by the Star Wars Galaxies style crafting; and just having people in your network that could supply the metal that you need to make your armor, and the flowers that you need to make your potions, and maybe the potions that you need to make your enchantments. That to me was really interesting; and part of the economic gameplay of being a good crafter, being a good gatherer, is having that system; and it really plays into the economic field of a particular server. You can come in and be like, I want to be the potion mogul here; and having good sources and having a guild that supports you is just really interesting. And without narrowing down what you have access to yourself, it takes away from the ability to achieve that.[76] – Kory Rice
Within each of the three artisan classes lies different professions.[77]
- Characters within a single account (Alts) may have different professions.[78][79]
- Q: How do you feel about players creating alts that allow them to cover every profession?
- A: I think that's fine and I think that when we design the game, we design with that in mind as well; and that's why we have certain restrictions on the number of Grandmaster professions that one particular character can do.[78] – Steven Sharif
- Artisan progression in each profession is per-character.[82][81][83][79]
- Artisan progression does not directly relate to progression in a character's adventuring class, but is designed to be complementary to character progression.[84]
- Choice of profession does not affect a player's stats.[85]
- Artisan classes and their professions are not affected by a character's religion, or class.[86][87]
- Race likely won't affect the artisan system.[86][87] Certain influences may instead be housed in a background selection that isn't intrinsically tied to race.[86]
- When it comes to balancing a system that's something that we do during testing phases. When it comes to architecting the system itself and identifying the areas in which certain certain professions excel, where they interact with ancillary systems, their interconnectivity across the artisanship system as a whole, the important part there is to identify how that the interconnectivity lives with the other professions in the artisanship system. And what type of reliance you have on particular professions to complete the path of crafting or introduction of new items into the economy.[81] – Steven Sharif
- Dungeons and other points of interest will offer relevant content for all professions.[88]
- A work order system is planned that will help players find artisans in nodes.[89]
Gathering professions
Processing professions
Crafting professions
Artisan supply chain
Artisans within Ashes of Creation must choose a path in their artisan skill tree. This inter-dependency establishes a supply chain from raw materials to finished product.[90][91] Each stage of the chain may require caravans to transport goods from one artisan to another.[92]
- Obtaining raw materials:[93]
- Refining the raw materials with a processing profession.[91]
- Crafting the finished product using its crafting recipe.[91]
- As a crafter you're going to want to know where certain recipes can be fulfilled; which nodes have the capability of creating what you've processed material that you've gathered for; and then you're going to want to plan out your route to either transit the goods there or make sure that you're situated in the area so that you can go out collect and build in that area as well. So there's a lot of planning that's going to be necessary.[99] – Steven Sharif
Stock exchanges (also called Stock markets and Share markets) enable players to buy and sell shares in Nodes, Guilds, Social organizations, and Religions.[100][101][102][103][104] The stock exchange system is still in a 'paper design' phase and is subject to change.[101]
- There's a number of different things where you can have success/failure points that then inform the metric that the stock price is predicated on; and players can purchase in at a certain price. That's the intent behind the stock market system.[101] – Steven Sharif
- The value of stocks is influenced by world events that relate to the performance of the stocks, including Guild wars, Node wars, Node policies, Caravan runs, Trade agreements, and Monster coin events.[101][105]
- Q: Is it possible that as an outside actor you could influence the performance of a particular organization across one of those events?
- A: The answer is yes. So, if you wanted to, as an adverse party, engage a particular organization, you could do that. You could engage with, let's say, a guild that you don't like when they're running a trade run, or when they're engaged in a node war, or when they're attempting to complete a raid boss. There is the PvX component of being able to interrupt or engage with them in those events and turn the outcome towards a negative, driving the potential stock value of that organization down.[101] – Steven Sharif
- Stock exchanges were a Kickstarter stretch goal unlocked for reaching the $3 million dollar mark.[104] They are a planned feature for the launch of Ashes of Creation.[102]
- Hard metrics, such as quest lines, nearby resources, citizen progression, and purchases of local real estate, will determine the value of purchasable shares.[104]
- There is no regulatory commission to restrict the purchase and sale of stocks.[105]
Taxes
Node taxes

As the node levels up, you're gonna get access to deeper controls on the taxes, so that you as a Mayor can incentivize players to come to your node to do certain things. If you're a node that loves smithing, you're probably going to want to lower your taxes on artisanship to incentivize players to be here. But then you might want to drive up taxes on other avenues that players aren't necessarily coming to your node for, but are using out of convenience.[106] – Chris Justo
Mayors are able to set a generalized node tax rate as well as overrides for different activities within their node. Mayors gain additional taxation controls as their node advances.[106][107]
- Amenities tax override.[106]
- Artisanship tax override.[106]
- Commerce tax override.[106]
- This may include taxes that apply to tavern games.[108][109]
- Property tax override.[106]
- Freehold property taxes scale according to the number of freehold building permits issued for that freehold.[110][111][112]
- Citizenship dues and property taxes scale based on the stage of the node when a player became a citizen.[36][113][114][115][116]
- The goal is to exert financial pressure on node populations by making taxes increasingly expensive as nodes advance, rather than putting in place hard population caps.[114][115]
- Node tax rates will be visible on the world map by hovering over a node location.[117]
- Tax revenue only goes toward funding node development. This cannot be withdrawn by the mayor or any other player.[118][112]
Regent nodes take a cut of taxes from various activities that occur within their vassal node structure.[118][119]
- This tax doesn't necessarily impact the individual citizen, because citizen's tax levels are determined by their node, but the node's finances are affected by the taxation levied by its parent nodes.[119]
Housing taxes
When a node reaches stage 3 (Village) and a player run government has formed, all player housing will pay taxes.[120]
- A player's tax charge will be determined by the number of structures built on their plot.[111][112]
- Freehold taxes are calculated based on the number of permits issued for buildings on a freehold.[35][121][110][111][112]
- Buildings that require permits will have additional upkeep costs.[35]
- Maintaining businesses requires licensing and payments to the node your Freehold is associated with. This permitting system allows for a certain number of buildings to be constructed on a Freehold. Permits can be obtained from the same node the Freehold was certified from, and buildings that require permits will have an additional upkeep cost.[35]
- Housing foreclosures result from failing to pay property taxes or other fees.[35]
Housing foreclosures
Housing foreclosures result from failing to pay property taxes or other fees.[122][35]
- Non-payment of taxes will put the housing into a default status. The player will have a period of time to settle the debt before the housing is foreclosed.[122]
- The developers are considering allowing pre-payment of housing taxes and/or allowing auto deduction of tax from a designated location, such as their personal inventory or warehouse.[123]
- Materials and resources (such as livestock) that were stored on foreclosed freeholds will be included in the auction for the deed to that freehold. Stored and placed props, such as furniture will be returned to the previous owner.[35]
- If you don’t pay taxes and other fines, your Freehold property will be foreclosed. When a Freehold is foreclosed on, stored and placed props like furniture are returned to the previous owner. Materials that were stored on a Freehold will be included in the auction for the Deed to that Freehold.[35]
- Non-payment of the game subscription will also result in loss of player housing.[124]
See also
References
- ↑ Livestream, June 28, 2019 (51:37).
- ↑ Podcast, April 23, 2018 (29:56).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
- ↑
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Livestream, May 10, 2017 (16:36).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 Livestream, July 31, 2020 (1:34:06).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Livestream, October 16, 2017 (59:39).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Livestream, May 30, 2019 (1:26:16).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Interview, July 8, 2020 (55:05).
- ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 Know Your Nodes: Economic Node Type.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Livestream, October 30, 2020 (1:03:52).
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Livestream, October 30, 2020 (1:04:59).
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Livestream, May 10, 2017 (35:16).
- ↑ Interview, July 8, 2020 (57:46).
- ↑ Livestream, April 30, 2020 (1:14:44).
- ↑
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Livestream, November 27, 2024 (21:03).
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 2024-11-27 - Development Update with Alpha Two Giants and Demons.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 Podcast, May 10, 2024 (41:42).
- ↑ Livestream, June 30, 2023 (25:05).
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Interview, January 19, 2025 (1:35:11).
- ↑ Livestream, October 30, 2020 (1:06:09).
- ↑
- ↑ Livestream, March 28, 2020 (1:04:49).
- ↑ 28.0 28.1
- ↑ Unreal Engine Interview, 2017-05-23.
- ↑ Livestream, June 30, 2023 (1:13:53).
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Livestream, March 26, 2021 (1:15:03).
- ↑ Ashes of Creation - The visuals.
- ↑
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Development Update with Freehold Preview.
- ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 Blog: Exploring the Boundless Opportunities of Freeholds.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Blog: Development Update with Village Node.
- ↑ Livestream, August 31, 2023 (50:25).
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Interview, July 9, 2023 (33:55).
- ↑ 41.0 41.1
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Livestream, June 26, 2020 (47:32).
- ↑ Livestream, June 26, 2020 (54:03).
- ↑ MMOGames interview, January 2017
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Node series part II – the Metropolis.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Livestream, May 12, 2017 (55:01).
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Livestream, June 30, 2023 (1:12:07).
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Livestream, June 30, 2023 (14:09).
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Livestream, June 30, 2023 (13:10).
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Video, June 30, 2023 (21:22).
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Livestream, June 26, 2020 (53:41).
- ↑ Interview, July 8, 2020 (33:34).
- ↑ Livestream, May 12, 2017 (52:01).
- ↑ Livestream, June 26, 2020 (1:02:12).
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Livestream, June 30, 2023 (1:15:34).
- ↑
- ↑ Livestream, May 19, 2017 (32:23).
- ↑
- ↑ Livestream, June 26, 2020 (56:08).
- ↑ Livestream, June 30, 2023 (1:20:20).
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Livestream, May 30, 2019 (1:23:41).
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Livestream, October 25, 2024 (53:02).
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Video, November 30, 2023 (58:54).
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Livestream, May 15, 2017 (10:32).
- ↑ Livestream, January 18, 2018 (46:56).
- ↑ Livestream, February 24, 2023 (1:12:24).
- ↑ Livestream, October 28, 2022 (24:28).
- ↑ Livestream, April 30, 2021 (1:14:49).
- ↑ Interview, July 19, 2020 (1:12:37).
- ↑ Livestream, November 17, 2017 (38:35).
- ↑ Massively OP, 2017-06-1
- ↑ Livestream, February 9, 2018 (20:40).
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Livestream, May 10, 2017 (32:22).
- ↑
- ↑ Video, November 30, 2023 (38:08).
- ↑
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Livestream, November 30, 2023 (1:34:25).
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Livestream, May 24, 2017 (32:07).
- ↑ Podcast, April 11, 2021 (44:29).
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Livestream, April 29, 2022 (1:13:00).
- ↑
- ↑ Livestream, July 26, 2019 (1:09:46).
- ↑ Interview, October 14, 2024 (8:49).
- ↑ Livestream, July 18, 2017 (37:25).
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Livestream, February 24, 2023 (1:18:05).
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Livestream, August 28, 2020 (2:05:21).
- ↑ Livestream, September 27, 2024 (2:11:55).
- ↑ Podcast, December 3, 2023 (16:06).
- ↑ Interview, July 20, 2020 (20:17).
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Livestream, May 10, 2017 (8:22).
- ↑ Livestream, May 10, 2017 (6:12).
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 Livestream, May 8, 2017 (20:41).
- ↑ Livestream, July 18, 2017 (38:30).
- ↑ Video, November 30, 2023 (3:49).
- ↑ Livestream, January 28, 2022 (1:19:48).
- ↑ Livestream, 2018-04-8 (PM) (28:38).
- ↑ Livestream, May 26, 2017 (26:00).
- ↑ Interview, May 11, 2018 (24:18).
- ↑ Livestream, January 11, 2025 (1:45:25).
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Interview, October 16, 2024 (51:24).
- ↑ 102.0 102.1
- ↑ 103.0 103.1 Livestream, May 17, 2017 (11:27).
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Interview, October 20, 2018 (5:51).
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.5 106.6 Video, August 31, 2023 (28:04).
- ↑ Livestream, March 28, 2020 (1:03:38).
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 110.0 110.1 Interview, July 9, 2023 (54:46).
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 Livestream, June 30, 2023 (1:45:22).
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3
- ↑ Livestream, August 31, 2023 (15:51).
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 Interview, July 9, 2023 (38:14).
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 Interview, March 27, 2020 (0:30).
- ↑ Video, April 5, 2018 (41:48).
- ↑ Livestream, September 29, 2023 (1:11:22).
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 Livestream, August 26, 2022 (1:10:16).
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 Interview, May 11, 2018 (57:02).
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 Livestream, August 31, 2023 (24:13).
- ↑ Livestream, July 28, 2023 (1:29:07).
- ↑ Livestream, May 24, 2017 (42:22).